Do mothers' perceptions of their children's intelligence affect children's cognition, literacy, and educational achievement?
One factor that contributes to children’s differences in school performance is their own beliefs about intelligence. These beliefs are likely informed by children’s early socialisation experiences, which vary across families and children. For example, some children may receive more frequent messages from their parents emphasizing their inherent intelligence or cleverness than others. Such differential reinforcement can contribute to shaping children's beliefs about their intelligence and, subsequently, impact their cognition, literacy, and educational achievement.